Regional Characteristics of Housing Loss Risk during COVID-19

In Japan, the decrease in homelessness is attributed to the adoption of a narrow definition focusing solely on rough sleepers. However, by adopting a broader conceptualization similar to ETHOS, it is plausible that Japan harbors a significant homeless population comparable to that of other countries. Analyzing the factors contributing to the risk of housing loss is imperative for preventing rough sleeping. The Housing Security Benefit (HSB), a form of rent subsidy system for the unemployed, played a substantial role in mitigating the risk of housing loss during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study analyzes factors associated with HSB recipient rates at the city level across four dimensions: the housing market conditions, condition of the labor economy, safety nets, and demographic dynamics. Findings reveal a correlation between the prevalence of HSB recipients and the vulnerability of housing affordability, higher unemployment rates, and lower public assistance recipient rates. To reduce the risk of housing loss and prevent homelessness, the development of housing policies to increase affordability is necessary. HSB prevented housing loss due to unemployment resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Even after COVID-19 subsides, however, housing loss risk may persist. Effective housing policies are necessary even after the COVID-19 pandemic subsides.